Inclusion Equal Opportunities And Diversity Education Essay Essay

In 21st century classrooms, there are more and more children coming from much more diverse backgrounds. Teachers need to teach these children with effective teaching methods and must therefore have pedagogical approaches that deepen their cultural understanding. Many of these children have a range of ability in language, abilities and culture. Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education (CSIE) stated that teachers must employ not only theoretically sounds but also culturally responsive pedagogy. Teachers must create a classroom culture where all children, regardless of their cultural or linguistic backgrounds are welcomed and supported and provided with the best learning opportunity. What is inclusion? Inclusive education is concerning equality and human rights. Inclusion is more than an understanding and a policy requirement. It is on the subject of respect and values which welcomes diversity in the classroom and a wider part of society. The inclusion statement n the National Curriculum (DfEE/QCA 1999) stated that differentiation from a wide variety of needs and the planning of lessons to ensure access and participation was part of normal teaching. This point was further emphasised by Overall & Sangster (2007) saying that it is about meeting the different needs of as many children as possible in mainstream schooling. What are equal opportunities? Equal opportunities are about being inclusive and fair in the way you deal with all children. Treating all children the same is not enough. Overall & Sangster (2007) define fair to be when the teacher meets the needs of every child as far as they can. What is diversity? Diversity is something that is becoming more and more popular in the classroom. In simple terms, diversity just means that are is a variety of different types of children in the classroom. Not only is it a professional standard to develop an understanding of the cultural diversity in their class but it is also a legal requirement (Children Act, 1989, 2004), but are these legal requirements being met? Are these evident in schools? Figures from the Department for Children, Schools and Families show that last year saw the biggest year-on-year increase in pupils from ethnic minorities. Across the country, they accounted for almost 22% in 2007 compared to 20. 6% in 2006. From these figures it is clear to see that inclusion, equal opportunities and diversity are part of the ‘norm’ classroom and need to be therefore addressed appropriately. I will now discuss what it means for a school to be inclusive and if a school is ‘effective’ does it mean that it has to be inclusive as well? I will also look at barriers to learning and how they are overcome. School Inclusion It is important for schools to be inclusive. Hayes (2004) believes that inclusion is best understood as an aim, aspiration or even a philosophy, rather than as a set of techniques that can be applied to a situation. It is important for a school to aim to be inclusive to everyone in the school, whether this is towards children, teachers or other members of staff. Inclusion tends to be regarded as ‘the right thing to do’ and it is this moral imperative than often makes teachers feel guilty about saying anything negative about inclusive policies and practices. It is important to remember that a positive attitude to inclusion has an impact on the process of developing inclusive teaching strategies (Halliwell, 2003). As a trainee teacher, it is important for me to understand that inclusion is a process that is influenced by a number of different factors and has a different meaning for everyone involved. From experience, I have seen inclusion being carried out. This occurred during assembly when the whole school came together for their Friday ‘celebration assembly’. During this assembly, birthdays were announced and the children came to the front. All teachers and children joined in with singing happy birthday while as the same time signing it. This was a lovely experience to observe. The school as a whole were including everyone. Although there are many different indicators of inclusion to reflect on such as policies, practises and experiences of individuals learning, it is also my aim to carry these out. Such policies include Inclusive Schooling (DfES 2001b). This document provides practical advice to schools and LEA’s on the inclusion framework and sets out seven principles of an inclusive education service. The Every Child Matters Policy (DfES 2003, 2004a, 2004b) has according to Arthur, Grainger and Wray (2006) ‘served to set educational inclusion within the broader context of radical change in the whole system of children’s services including explicitly shifting from intervention to prevention with services working together more effectively’. The overall aim of Every Child Matters is to reduce the number of children who experience educational failure, engage in offending or antisocial behaviour, suffer from ill health or become teenage parents (DfES 2003). The Every Child Matters aims are said to be at the heart of Children Act 2004 (Arthur, Grainger and Wray 2006). Finally, according to Overall and Sangster (2007) the idea of an inclusive school is one that will meet the needs of many pupils in a variety of ways; within special classes, through support for individuals, differentiation in the curriculum and carefully thought through teaching, is an exciting idea. This is something that I should really develop as part of my philosophy of inclusive education. Barriers Inclusion is about looking for ways of reducing the barriers to learning that may exist for children who present more challenging circumstances. Prejudice and stereotyping are often significant in creating and maintaining these barriers (Overall and Sangster 2007). Within The National Curriculum (DfEE/QCA 1999) three principles were set out to develop a more inclusive education. Within these principles, the third is to ‘overcome potential barriers to learning and assessment for individuals and group of pupils’. These groups of pupils can range from SEN to EAL to Gifted and Talented. Overcoming barriers is further emphasised in Inclusive Schooling (DfES 2001b) with one of the principles stating ‘schools, local education authorities and others should actively seek to remove barriers to learning and participation’. Overcoming potential barriers to learning and assessment is relevant to all children who have already been identified to have an emotional, mental or physical need. Teachers must plan to meet these needs and also the needs of the rest of the class at the same time. One method of doing this is to pair a pupil with EAL with a pupil who is good at English. Peer encouragement is a great way of encouraging talk. I witnessed an example with an emotionally vulnerable child. This particular child was getting frustrated and upset when they couldn’t do their times tables because other pupils around the table were counting aloud and therefore interfering with this pupil’s train of thought. To resolve this problem, the pupil was sent into a quieter room where there was full concentration of the subject. As a trainee teacher, I need to plan my lessons which overcome barriers which I may face in delivering a lesson or scheme of work. Conclusion Schools should all have an inclusion, equal opportunities and diversity policy in place and one that is being actively carried out by all pupils and members of staff. It is important that I am positive about the right for all children to be valued and to receive the best education available for them. This can be helped by implementing and receiving guidance from local education authorities or attending extra training days. From reading I have learnt to develop my own pedagogy with regard to inclusion, equal opportunities and diversity. As a training professional I have a unique opportunity to contribute to developing my own personal practice and help with developing policies with other colleagues. My aim now is to need all the needs of the children who I will be teaching both on placement now and in the future with my own class of children.

Customer Relationship Management in Luxury Hair Salon Essay

Customer Relationship Management in Luxury Hair Salon - Essay Example Thus, Nevin submits marketing a bit broader than the CRM, though he does not negate the significance of customer relationship management. Customer relationship management has been the matter of special attention for the organizations, marketers, investors, and retailers. Feinberg et al. have conducted their research with a special concentration on CRM in electronic retails under the title â€Å"The State of Electronic Customer Relationship Management in Retailing† and concluded that it is customers which serve as the pivotal point around which all the activities and schemes of the business environment revolve. â€Å"A business and marketing strategy†, they submit, â€Å"aims to integrate its technology, productivity, and all business activities around the customers of the organization.† (2002: p 473) Hence, they viewed customers and their satisfaction as the asset of the companies, without the help of which no strategic policies could be adopted or implemented. Parvartiyar & Sheth have strived to find out the relationship of marketing with the customer relationship management. â€Å"CRM†, according to them, â€Å"represents an enterprise approach to developing full knowledge about customer behavior and preferences and to developing programmes and strategies that encourage the customers to continuously enhance their business relationship with the company.† (2001: p 2-3) The writers are of the view that customer relationship management is highly supportive in completely understanding the growing needs and requirements of the customers, which is the most important issue for the growth and development of the organization. Hill, in his article, vehemently emphasizes upon the capturing of profitable customers for the enhancement of marketing and sales. â€Å"The most important thing in sales and marketing†, he views, â€Å"is  to attract and retain your most profitable business customers. In order to accomplish this feat, you must devise and implement a customer strategy that builds, fosters, nurtures and extends relationships with your customers. Your company profits only when the earnings from retained customers exceed the costs to acquire and to service customers over time.† (Retrieved from Helium.com)

The Power of an Apology in Medical Errors Essay

The Power of an Apology in Medical Errors - Essay Example Unfortunately, when doctors make mistakes during treatment, the consequences can be severe. Sometimes, they can even result in serious injury or even death. In recent years, health care providers have become cautious about offering expressions of empathy or sympathy to patients whose disease did not have a successful outcome. These unsuccessful outcomes may be the result of known complications, clear errors, or other circumstances. The health care providers' caution in this area of communication is the result of the increasing number of lawsuits filed against them by their patients. Physicians understandably have a difficult time determining appropriate communication techniques to convey concern for the patient without inadvertently implying their own fault or guilt. It is not unusual for a physician's compassionate and empathetic actions to be misunderstood and later described to a jury as an apology for his error. Unquestionably, there are situations in which clear errors have been committed. Although rare, those events should certainly be followed with a sincere apology and appropriate assistance to the patient. In situations where the physician is not at fault for the undesired outcome, or when responsibility is difficult to determine prior to an investigation, it is still important for physicians to have the skills necessary to express empathy and concern without suggesting to the patient that they bear legal responsibility. Recent studies have suggested that failing to apologize for clear errors may prompt more claims than previously suspected. Research suggests that apology plays an important role in professional relationships. If done properly, an apology may not even be an issue in a subsequently filed lawsuit. Additionally, it is just common sense that demonstrating empathy and concern for patients during their most difficult times is the right thing to do. If lawsuits are subsequentl y filed in such situations, physicians will be seen in a much more favorable light if they have attempted to show appropriate concern and interest in their patients' well being. Many physicians are wondering about the purpose of expressing their remorse to a patient over a bad outcome or untoward incident. Indeed, there are large moral as well as ethical components to this issue. Doctors are also human, and every human has the need to convince themselves that at the end of the day, they did what was morally right. The human conscience may not give the physician in question a peace of mind if they fail to heed the inner voice that wants them to express their feelings of concern. This may apply not only to cases of malpractice where the patient is severely injured or even death occurred, but also in cases where there are not visible consequences. When an apology is truly warranted, accepting and expressing responsibility by the physicians for his or her mistakes is the first step to forgiving themselves and is the most likely way to maintain a good relationship with your patient. Demonstrating true sadness of the physician to the patient for his pain will help him and will strengthen the bond between physician and the patient. It is important for patients to feel that doctors care about them. Patients who have good relationships with their

Connection Between the Fine Arts and the Sciences Scholarship Essay

Connection Between the Fine Arts and the Sciences - Scholarship Essay Example The essay "Connection Between the Fine Arts and the Sciences" talks about the distinction between the sciences and fine arts that have been widely regarded as being nothing short of polar opposites. The previous can be characterized as precise and scrupulous while the latter is geared more towards the flamboyant and the extreme. The fine arts have always been concerned with the concept of beauty and how it can be depicted through different media while science has continuously busied itself with the discovery of things and the invention of tools that could make life easier. But when I think of the most perceptible historical era that brought forth an understanding that these disciplines can be ventured into concurrently by any person then it would be the Renaissance. This era has been deeply regarded for producing not only numerous great artworks but also massive discoveries in the field of science. The Renaissance man is known to be not only creative but also erudite and this has been adopted over the years as the ideal holistic person. The epitome of the Renaissance man who has extended perpetually his influence in humankind is no less than Leonardo Da Vinci. Da Vinci once said that â€Å"The knowledge of all things is possible†. The man has lived to this principle. Starting out as an apprentice to t he highly regarded artist Verrocchio, he went to study with the Company of St. Luke to delve into understanding the human anatomy. This was considered by some as the time he rendered ‘Annunciation’.

Case Brief U.S v. Hinkley Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Brief U.S v. Hinkley - Essay Example The defense attorneys also presented medical evidence in the Court which supported their claim. On July 21, 1982, the jury acquitted Hinckley of his crime by accepting that he was suffering from insanity. The district court ordered him to be removed to St. Elizabeths Hospital for treatment of his mental condition till the time that he ceased to be a threat to himself and the community. (United States Vs Hinckley, n.d) The legislation governing â€Å"insanity† in the District of Columbia stated that a person accused of committing a crime could not be held responsible for his actions if, during the time of commission of the act, the accused suffering from a mental disease or illness â€Å"lacks substantial capacity to know the wrongfulness of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law†. It was evident that, there was a sound legislation in the Columbia district to prevent the legal system from prosecuting mentally unstable persons who had accidentally trespassed the law. Therefore, the main legal question which had to be ascertained in this case was whether John Hinckley was really mentally sick when he had attempted to assassinate President Reagan. The verdict of the case depended on this crucial finding. (Fuller, 1982, p1) During the process of trial, Hinckley’s defense lawyers argued that he was suffering from schizophrenia: a mental impairment which compels the patients to assume different characteristics during their interactions in society. In most cases, the patient while functioning as a specific individual is completely unaware of his identity as another individual which he has assumed unknowingly. The attorneys further declared that Hinckley was obsessed with an American feature film named â€Å"Taxi Driver† and his actions on that fateful day were significantly influenced by the events in the movie. The film portrays how the protagonist undertakes an attempt to assassinate the President of his national country.

Criminal justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Criminal justice - Assignment Example There was formation of the international association of chiefs of police, women included in the police force 1910 Los Angeles, establishment of fraternal order of police and use of new technology such as phones and automobiles in the police department (Schmalleger, pg. 90). The period of prohibition is considered one of the dark periods in the development of law implementation and enforcement. It is during this era that so many organized criminal incidents escalated, illegal businesses grew without hindrance, and corruption in the police forces was entertained allowing unlawful acts to go on at their watching. It was until the Wickersham Commission realized that prohibition era was doing more harm than good that then significant law changes were initiated fight corruption and unlawfulness. This included the growth of civil rights where by the Supreme Court stated individual rights, scrutiny of police operations and formation of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. Law improvement and enforcement strategies were defined and adopted by the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice standards and Goals. There are several federal law enforcement agencies in America each with a specific function geared towards promoting law. The US Department of Justice is responsible for reporting crimes, locating fugitives, finding sales of seized property, identifying missing individuals and building test between law enforcement and the general public they serve. The Central Intelligence Agency is charged with the duty of preempting threats and advance the US national security objectives by gathering intelligence that is significant, analyzing data, initiate action as prompted by the president and protect the national secretes. The Federal Bureau of Investigation protects the US from terror attacks, against foreign intelligence operations, protect civil rights and against

The Effect of Interactivity with a Music Video Game on Second Language Vocabulary Recall Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Interactivity with a Music Video Game on Second Language Vocabulary Recall Essay This research has been done by Jonathan deHaan, W. Michael Reed and Katsuko Kuwada. Jonathan deHaan is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of International Relations at the University of Shizuoka. He earned his Ph. D. in Educational Communication and Technology from New York University. His research focuses on second language learning and teaching with games and simulations. As for W. Michael Reed, he was a retired professor of Educational Communication and Technology at New York University and the IRB/IACUC Administrator for Radford University in Virginia. His research interests spanned over a 25-year period and focused on educational computing, problem-solving, metacognition, and composing processes. Meanwhile, Katsuko Kuwada is a doctoral student in the International Cultural Studies program at Tohoku University. She investigates language and culture; her current research compares the use of first-person subjects in Japanese and English based on different cultural backgrounds. The purpose of this research is to know physical interactivity of a second language music video game is manipulated to investigate the effect of interactivity on vocabulary acquisition and cognitive load (deHaan, Reed Kuwada, 2010) or in simpler way is to investigate whether the interactivity ( and simultaneously presented text, audio and animation) of video game is extraneous cognitive load (thus having a negative effect on learning) or germane load (thus having a positive effect on learning) (deHaan, Reed Kuwada, 2010). Overview The research question that been highlighted here is to view interactivity of second language on music video game on recalling vocabulary. This research captured my attention due to the usage of media in teaching English as second language to undergraduate Japanese students. As we all know, multimedia technology has been implemented in language learning to attract as well as to motivate second language user to be able to perceive, learn and enjoy English language. This research is crucial to this aeon, in which multimedia is being integrated in language learning. Thus Professor deHaan, Prof. Reed and DR. Kuwada focus on what constitute a game rather then what can be added to a game to make it approachable and enjoyable in teaching and learning process. In this research it has depicted that ‘human cognitive architecture consists of a limited short-term memory’ (Baddeley, 1992, Miller, 1959), and a game’s complex elements (e. g. usic, subtitles and lyrics) can create an unalterable high demand on working memory (intrinsic cognitive load), it is important to understand whether a media features, such as interactivity, present a student with unnecessary extraneous cognitive load, which interferes with learning, or germane load, which enhances learning (deHaan, Reed Kuwada; 2010). Analysis This research has been done to see ‘video game interactivity would help or hinder the noticing and recall of second language vocabulary . (deHaan, Reed Kuwada, 2010). Here the three researchers have used interactivity, language proficiency and video game proficiency as independent variables while cognitive load vocabulary written recall, and participant opinions as dependent measures, Eighty undergraduates in which 65 of them are males and 15 of them are females in a range of age around 18 to 24, from Computer Science University in rural Japan. Subjects’ mother tongue is Japanese and has 6 to 11 years of formal English education. Participants were paired and one participant in each pair was randomly assigned to either play or watch the video game, and this been conducted in laboratory, for 20 minutes long. Professor deHaan, Prof. Reed and Dr. Kuwada, instructed the participants to play or watch the game and learn the words of the rap. The video game level was repeated five times by all pairs. The participants were not allowed to take notes or use their dictionaries and even not allowed to see and what more to interact with one and another. The material that was used in this research was Parappa the Rapper 2. Straight after cease with the experiment, participants would be given topics from the game and were used as written cloze test, where participants were required to write the missing words from the game’s rap in the text’s blanks. This test been repeated again after 2 weeks. The result after the test depicted that ‘watchers of the video game recalled significantly more vocabulary items compare to the players. Thus because watchers focus only on the objects in the game and the sentences describing the pictures without even have to integrate with the game console. Meanwhile, the players have to both focuses on the integration with game and with console as well as their integration with the sentences describing the pictures, to such a degree the players are having cognitive loads. Critique and Evaluation This research is focus on effect of interactivity with music video game on second language vocabulary recall. After thoroughly read the research paper I have found out that Professor deHaan, Prof. Reed and Kuwada pay cogently attention to know whether ‘video game (multimedia technology) would help or hinder noticing and recall second language vocabulary. Here the three researchers focus on cognitivist perspective in which according to Jean Piaget (1977), mental process of an individual use in responding to their environment. Cognitivism deals with how people think, solve problems and make decisions. When the players interact with the game they are using their cognitive ability to engage with the steps that they need to ensue in order to move up to the next level of the game as well as to convene on the lyrics given in the game. Here the players are responding to their environment, however being cognitive loads between fixating on the game and engaging to the lyrics somehow has distracted them from focusing on the vocabulary. Thus has made them failed to recall the vocabulary during vocabulary recall test. Meanwhile, the watchers do not faced the cognitive load due to solely one way interaction (receiving the input) between them and the video game, thus has given them time to give great detail using memorization method, which is one of the 6 cognitive learning strategies (Rubin Wenden, 1987), to indulge in the game. Furthermore, this research has proven that by using video game can help to assist language learning in second language leaner. As been mention by Hubbard (1991), language learning may happen with video game as language is involved in the play. It is easy to accept language learning evolves through game as language and problem solving are correlated and what more students seem to enjoy it. Despite that, the research has significantly highlighted that by watching the media (game), in defiance of involving in it, can make the learners ‘notice and recalling more vocabulary items’ (deHaan, Reed Kuwada, 2010), as they have only to focus on the lyrics only. Hence consolidate that usage of multimedia technology (game) in language class does not hinder the language learning. However, teachers must scrutinize type of game that they want to use in their language class. Nevertheless, in learning second language it is not enough by just interact with game and the lyrics. To become competence in a language one must also portray the purpose of using the language rather than just merely know the language yet not communicate it in purposeful conversation to reinforce the learning, thus communication is important in language learning. Like what has been mentioned by Douglas Brown (2000), communication is not merely an event, something that happens; it is functional, purposive and designed to bring about some effect. Due to that, 2 weeks after the research has been done, the participants been called to attempt second test to evaluate their vocabulary in recalling the game lyrics. Here both players and watchers have shown drastically reducing of vocabulary if comparing to the previous test. This has proven that without purposeful learning students will not be able to sustain the vocabulary. On my behalf, I strongly believe that communicative reinforcement can enhance on language learning via technology, as one language learning and no purposeful practise will hinder the language learning process. Through this research I have learnt to acquiesce, without collaboration with learning strategies (between memorising, recalling and communicating via multimedia tool), the language learning will not become purposeful and will make one learning a failure. Conclusion It can be concluded that physical interaction of this game has extraneous cognitive load effect on the players, thus not conducive to learning and seemed to have unnecessarily diverted the players’ attention from the vocabulary and hinder recall. Meanwhile, the watchers of the game have not exposed to the additional extraneous load and have been able to devote more cognitive resources to the intrinsic load of the game and its language. As a consequence this research I have learnt that suitable game (multimedia) can assist language learning process as students seemed to enjoy such activity. In any respect with purposeful reinforcement such as germane communicative reinforcement can compensate language acquisition better. Moreover, implication of this research on future study, teachers will be more selective in choosing multimedia material for their classes and they will make sure balance input been given in the sense of interactivity and language learning so that no cognitive load will occur and hinder language learning via multimedia.